Research priorities to increase vaccination coverage in Europe (EU joint action on vaccination)

BackgroundDeciding how best to invest in healthcare is never an easy task and prioritization is therefore an area of great interest for policymakers. Too low public vaccine confidence, which results in insufficient vaccine uptake, remains an area of concern for EU policy-makers. Within the European Joint action on vaccination, a work-package dedicated to research aims to define tools and methods for priority‐setting in the field of vaccination research. We therefore propose a prioritization framework to identify research priorities towards generating and synthesizing evidence to support policies and strategies aiming at increasing vaccine coverage.Materials/methodsWe used a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) method inspired by the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative developed by Rudan et al. This quantitative methodology follows a series of steps involving different groups of experts and relevant stakeholders. The first step consists in identifying key research questions through a broad consultation. In parallel, a first group of experts is tasked to select criteria for prioritization of research questions, taking into consideration the ultimate goal of the exercise. Another group of experts is then requested to assess a weight to each of the criteria, using pair-wise comparisons. The final step consists in gathering experts who will assess each research question against the weighted criteria. This evaluation leads to assigning a score to each individual research question, which can then be ranked in order of priority.ResultsWe focused our work on four pre-selected pilot vaccines (pertussis, measles containing combination vaccines, influenza and HPV). The consultation generated 124 questions, which were secondarily sorted and re-worded to obtain 27 questions to be ranked. Criteria for setting priorities were the following: accessibility, answerability, deliverability, disease prevalence/incidence, effectiveness, equity, generalization, and territory. During a final face-to-face meeting international experts ranked the 27 questions and agreed on a consensual list of six top-priorities.ConclusionsWe have developed a transparent, evidence-based rigorous framework to defined key research questions to generate evidence towards the design of policies and strategies to increase vaccine coverage. Results were disseminated broadly and submitted to the EC for potential funding in the context of The Horizon Europe Program. The same process will be conducted in 2021 to identify vaccination research priorities regarding all vaccines used in the EU as well as COVID-19 vaccines.     

乳腺肿瘤的影像学诊断进展

乳腺肿瘤属女性的常见病之一,且乳腺恶性肿瘤患者的病死率较高。随着医疗技术水平的不断提升,超声、X线等影像学技术已被广泛应用于乳腺肿瘤的诊断中,尤其是MRI、核医学等新技术在乳腺肿瘤的早期诊断中具有较好的应用效果。该研究对乳腺肿瘤的影像学诊断进展进行综述。     

胸腺细胞凋亡的研究进展

就目前在胸腺细胞凋亡这一方面的国内外研究进展作一简要综述。     

《新雕孙真人千金方》考略

《新雕孙真人千金方》是现今尚存于世的《千金方》古本之一。其篇目结构,文字内容,较诸宋本有较大的不同,更为接近孙氏原著的旧貌,具有较高的文献价值和学术价值。本文着重就其流传概况、版本特点以及刊行年代等进行了探讨。     

电子显微镜及其在医学上的应用

本文主要叙述电子显微镜的结构、特性和它在医学上的应用。     

COVID-19 vaccine and pregnancy: A safety weapon against pandemic

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is raising great concern all over the world. The recent introduction of vaccines has offered reason for optimism, however, new issues have arisen, such as vaccine reluctance. The safety of vaccines for pregnant women is one of the most serious of these concerns. The purpose of this review article is to provide updated international vaccine recommendations, results of ongoing studies and clinical trials, and the role of gynecologists in counseling the women to understand the risks versus benefits as well as form an informed decision towards vaccine acceptance for COVID-19.Although COVID-19 infection increases the risk of severe morbidity and mortality in pregnant women, pregnant women were not included in the initial vaccine trials. As a result, safety information is scarce. Nations have differing recommendations, though many have recently approved the COVID-19 immunization in pregnancy following a risk-benefit analysis. The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunization (JCVI) of the United Kingdom recently approved an mRNA vaccination for pregnant women. Vaccination is recommended by the CDC, ACOG, ARFM, and WHO. India recently took a stand, with the ICMR and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare recommending vaccination during pregnancy and lactation.     

白求恩医科大学十年科研项目概况分析

对白求恩医科大学１９８８－１９９７年间各顷主管部门批准的科研项目及经费情况进行了分析,并与国内其它９所部属院校１９８８－１９９７年间获准国家自然科学基金情况进行了比较。     

Kraepelin-oriented research-diagnosable schizophrenia,mania, and depression in schneider-negative schizophrenics

Summary The rigorous neo-Kraepelinean research criteria of the St. Louis/ Iowa and Taylor groups were applied to case record data of 116 first admissions of Schneider-negative schizophrenics—that is, those without first-rank symptoms (FRSs)—hospitalized in a strongly Schneider-oriented German University Psychiatric Clinic from 1962 to 1971. This sample had a total of 45.7% (53 cases) of psychiatric illness diagnosable by research methods. Indeed, only 31% (36 cases) of Schneider-negative schizophrenics turned out to have research-positive Kraepelin-oriented schizophrenia; and of these, 21 fulfilled both sets of research criteria for schizophrenia. It is important that 14.6% (17 cases) of Schneider-negative schizophrenia consisted of research-diagnosable affective disorder, with mania making up 5.2% and depression 9.4% of this figure. The findings suggest that a sample of Schneider-oriented schizophrenia without FRSs as routinely diagnosed in Germany does not seem to represent a clear-cut homogeneous and uncontaminated group of schizophrenics.     

Amacrine cells,bipolar cells and ganglion cells of the cat retina: A Golgi study

Neuronal types contributing to the inner plexiform layer of the cat retina are described based primarily on light microscopy of Golgi-impregnated retinal whole-mounts. Cells have been characterized on morphological criteria that include dendritic branching patterns, dendritic tree sizes, cell body sizes and stratification of processes in the inner plexiform layer. Nine different types of bipolar cell, 22 different types of amacrine cell and 23 different types of ganglion cell can be distinguished using one or more of these morphological criteria. The significance of the different morphological types of cells is discussed, particularly in relationship to the functional bisublamination of the cat inner plexiform layer.